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《人文英语4》单元自测5（10分）
一、选择填空，从A、B、C三个选项中选出一个能填入空白处的最佳选项。（每题10分）
1．— What’s the best way to get to the Empire Hotel from here?
— _________________.
It’s five blocks away
Walking through the wood
It’s a twenty-minute walk
2．— You needn’t do the work till after the New Year.
— _________________.
No, you needn’t
Oh, good! Thank you.
Happy New Year to you
3．— Can you help me clear up the mess?
— _________________.
Tell me who made it
No problem
Yes, that’ll be all right
4．— Have a nice holiday, Ted.
— _________________.
Yes, you’re right
That’s all right
Thank you, and you too
5．— How was the journey to London?
— _________________.
It went very well
It was a nine-hour
I flew there
6．__________ these honours he received a sum of money.
Expect
But
Besides
7．A police officer claimed that the young man had attempted to __________ paying his fare.
avoid
reject
refuse
8．This kind of material expands _________ the temperature increasing.
to
for
with
9．_______ her and then try to copy what she does.
Mind
See
Watch
10．Will you _____ me a favor, please?
do
make
bring
11．I want to buy a ______ wallet for him.
black leather small
small black leather
small leather black
12．_______ tomorrow’s lessons, Frank has no time to go out with his friends.
Not preparing
Not having prepared
Not to prepare
13． He is fond of playing ____ piano while his brother is interested in listening to ___ music.
/; the
/;/
the; /
14．The young ______ interested in pop music.
is
have
are
15． Important ________ his discovery might be, it was regarded as a matter of no account in his time.
when
until
as
二、阅读理解：选择题（每题10分）
16．正误判断题
All communication begins with the sender and ends with the receiver. The sender is responsible for successful conveyance. The sender’s personality, beliefs, cultural and educational background all influence the message and it is important for the sender to be aware of this as he or she is encoding the message. Simply put, encoding is translating information into symbols that represent the ideas or concepts of the message that needs sending. These symbols are usually words in written or spoken form. To ensure successful communication, the sender should know as much about his or her audience – the receiver – as possible in order to focus and support the encoding process.
In addition to this awareness of self and encoding, the sender must choose the proper channel for conveying the message. Using the wrong channel may result in miscommunication. Like the sender, receivers are influenced by internal factors: their personality, their receptivity to the message or their relationship to the sender. Additionally, their current feelings, mood, or state of mind can affect a message. Once the message moves through the channel, the receiver then decodes it. The receiver uses his or her own experience and the context of the message to interpret its meaning.
Feedback is the return message from the receiver to the sender. It is feedback that enables the sender to know whether the message was received successfully or not. Therefore it is essential to the communication process.
This process, though very common, is fraught with potential breakdown at every turn. Spoken or written language is inherently easy to misinterpret. In conclusion, effective and successful Communication takes place when the message is successfully received and the receiver provides the sender with desirable feedback.
1. The sender’s gender also influences the message. 1
2. Encoding is a process that translating information into symbols which serve as the ideas or concepts of the message that will be sent later. 2
3. These symbols are usually words and sentences in written form. 3
4. Channel is not crucial for conveying the message. 4
5. Feedbacks enable the sender to know whether the receiver has received the message successfully or not. 5
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
17．填写主题句
I. Read the passage and choose the right sub-title (A-D) for each paragraph.
A. The inexactitude of language
B. Preventing misunderstandings
C. Intercultural communication
D. Fostering respect
E. Avoiding conflicts
Para 1 1
Intercultural communication refers to messages transmitted between members of two or more different societies. Effective intercultural communication helps firms avoid conflict, prevent misunderstandings, and foster respect.
Para 2 2
The workplace is growing more diverse every day. Managers cannot assume that what they find inoffensive will also be inoffensive to their subordinates. A lack of sensitivity can lead to claims of discrimination or harassment, which costs firms big money. Intercultural communication involves exercising sensitivity and tact to avoid such conflicts.
Para 3 3
We human beings have developed language to communicate ideas to one another. Still, our language represents an imperfect form of communication. Sometimes, words cannot accurately convey an idea, because the information might be highly complex. Also, a concept that exists in one culture or language might not be part of another. Effective intercultural communication tries to bridge language gaps as effectively as possible so that everyone at the workplace finds themselves on the same page.
Para 4 4
Given the inexactitude of language, misunderstandings can frequently arise between people from different cultures when they exchange information. Idioms often become lost in translation. For example, the English expression “to shoulder responsibility” translates into Swedish as “be a man for your hat”. Intercultural communication does not rely on expressions native to a particular language that could lead to confusion; rather, it relies on clear messages that all parties understand.
Para 5 5
Communication happens differently in various cultures. What one society finds acceptable may be anathema to another. When coworkers from different cultures do not take these differences into account, not only does communication suffer but conflicts come to the fore. Effective intercultural communication does not try to ignore societal differences; rather, it respects the variations among the human race and enables people to transmit information clearly.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
18．选择题
Maggie Walker was born in 1867 in Richmond, Virginia. Her mother was once a slave in a rich woman’s house. When Maggie was very young, a thief killed her father. Her family was impoverished, so Maggie’s mother started doing laundry in her home. Maggie had to help her. She washed clothes every day, but she continued to go to school. She was a very good student, especially in math.
After Maggie graduated from high school, she got a job as a teacher. In 1886, she married Armistead Walker. They had two sons and Maggie stayed home to care for them. She also volunteered to help a social organization called the Order of St. Luke. This organization helped African Americans take care of the sick and bury the dead. Maggie Walker loved the work of the organization. The organization believed that African Americans should take care of each other.
Over the years, Maggie Walker had more and more responsibilities with the organization. In 1895, she suggested that St. Luke begin a program for young people. This program became very popular with schoolchildren. In 1899, Walk became Grand Secretary Treasurer of the St. Luke organization. However, because she was a woman, she received less than half the salary of the man who had the job before her.
The Order of St. Luke had a lot of financial difficulties when Walker took over. It had a lot of unpaid bills and only $31.61 in the bank. But soon Maggie Walker changed all of that. Her idea was to get new members to join the Organization. In just a few years, it grew from 3,400 members to 50,000 members. The organization bought a $100,000 office building and increased its staff to 55. Now Walker was ready for her next big step.
1. Maggie’s father died 1 .
A. when she finished high school
B. before she was born
C. when she was very young
2. Which of the following is NOT TRUE? 2
A. Maggie had two children.
B. Maggie was once a slave.
C. Maggie was good at math.
3. Which of the following is TRUE? 3
A. Maggie loved to help other African Americans.
B. Maggie was very popular with school teachers.
C. Maggie was the founder of the Order of St. Luke.
4. The word impoverished in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to 4 .
A. difficult
B. rich
C. poor
5. After Paragraph 4, the author will probably talk about Maggie’s 5 .
A. education
B. next project
C. pay
《人文英语4》单元自测6（10分）
一、选择填空，从A、B、C三个选项中选出一个能填入空白处的最佳选项。（每题10分）
1．— Are you on holiday here?
— _________________.
We are on holiday here, too
We live here, too
No, we aren’t. We live here
2．— What’s the fare to the museum?
— _________________.
Five dollars
Five o’clock
Five miles
3．— Is it going to be warm next week?
— _________________.
Yes, it is
I don’t believe it
No, it hasn’t
4．— What do you usually do in your spare time?
— _________________.
Reading
No, I’ll never do that
Yes, it’s my favorite time
5．— Do you mind if I read the newspaper on the table?
— _________________.
Good news for you
Go ahead, please
Yes, sure
6．It’s bad _____ for you to smoke in the public places where smoking is not allowed.
behavior
action
manner
7．It’s a good idea. But who’s is going to _______ the plan?
carry out
get through
take in
8．Before the final examination, some students have shown ______ of tension. They even have trouble in sleeping.
anxiety
marks
signs
9．The problem is not _____ so easy as you think. It’s far from being settled.
hardly
almost
nearly
10．The young actor who had been thought highly of _______ to be a great disappointment.
turned up
turned out
turned down
11． Would you like something ______________?
drink
to drink
drinking
12．The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanket ______________ the desert.
covering
covered
to cover
13．_______________ is the population of Paris?
How many
How much
What
14．As the busiest woman there, she made ______________ her duty to look after all the other people’s affairs in that town.
this
that
it
15．It was getting __________, he had to stop to have a rest.
very darker
dark and dark
darker and darker
二、阅读理解：选择题（每题10分）
16．正误判断
James Bush
35 West 9 Avenue
Pensacola, FL23506
P: (03) 86661234
M: 0651 222555
E: james.bush@hotmaill.com.us.
[Date]
Nick C. Brown
Hiring Manger
Saint Louis Mental Health Service
16 Mary Street
River Dale, IL 566077
Dear Mr. Brown,
I wish to apply for the position of Social Worker as advertised on seek.com.au. Please find my resume attached.
For almost two years I have worked as Mental Health Case Manager for Truecare and their Housing and Accommodation Support Initiative. During the time I have proven my ability to work with an interdisciplinary team, and also developed interpersonal skills and strong professional relationships with clients, including individuals, families and community groups. In my work I have acquired a thorough understanding of the Mental Health Act of 2014 in relation to social work.
My duties have included providing psychosocial support to clients, in the form of one-on-one counselling as well as group therapy; developing and overseeing treatment plans for clients; advising family caregivers; and consulting with doctors, therapists and medical professionals. I was awarded with the New Employee Achievement Award for my work on a difficult case in 2015. My strong verbal and written communication skills have been well utilized in this role and I have also demonstrated solid organizational skills in my case management.
I have a strong desire to make a positive difference in people’s lives and I believe I would be an asset to St Paul’s Hospital if given the opportunity.
If you require more information please contact me at the phone numbers above. I am available for interviews and hope to hear from you soon.
Yours sincerely
James Bush
James has almost two-year experiences of social work. 1
2. James provides psychosocial support to clients, in the form of group therapy. 2
3. James does not give advice to family caregivers. 3
4. James’s strong verbal and written communication skills have been well used in this position. 4
5. James believes he would be a valuable staff to St Paul’s Hospital if given the opportunity. 5
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
17．选择题
Charity is a concept which dates back to Biblical times, when helping the poor was something that rich people basically did to make themselves feel good. Social work has its roots in charity, as it originally began around the time of the industrial revolution when there were many poor people and society was seeking a way of dealing with the poor and social problems. Although social work began as charity work, it has expanded a lot and needs to be seen from a completely different perspective.
Modern-day social work deals not only with poverty and the subsequent problems, but also with the problems arising from various types of “social fear” (“social phobias”) and discrimination such as sexism, racism, and discrimination against an individual due to his age, or mental or physical disabilities. Social workers deal with the consequences of these discriminations as well as consequences that arise from sexual abuse, drug abuse, and various other problems.
Social work provides an important service to society. Individuals and families in need of help are the focus of it, and are re ferred to as clients. Social workers help clients live a productive life in their own community. In order to reach this goal, they often enlist the assistance of family members, relatives, local religious leaders, and other influential members of the community. Although institutionalization may be necessary at times, it is a temporary solution. Social workers usually serve in the front line, and reach out to the clients soon after problems occur. The goal is to help clients return to normal life in a natural setting.
1. The charity originally means to 1 .
A. help the poor that makes the rich feel good.
B. help clients return to normal life.
C. serve the whole society.
2. When does social work begin? 2
A. around the time of the industrial revolution
B. Biblical times
C. modern time
3. Modern-day social work deals with the following problems except 3 ?
A. poverty
B. racism
C. education
4. In order to help clients live a productive life, social workers can turn to the assistance of 4 .
A. government
B. family members
C. businessmen
5. Which statement about social work is NOT True? 5
A. Social work roots from charity.
B. Social work deals not only with poverty and the subsequent problems, but also with various social fear and discrimination.
C. Social work is that the rich people want to help the poor people.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
18．选择题
When Bill de Blasio ran for New York City mayor last year, he promised to end a controversial （有争议的）, citywide cell-phone ban（禁令）in public schools, which is not equally enforced in all schools. Now, under his leadership, the city is preparing to end the ban. It will be replaced by a policy that allows phones inside schools but tells students to keep them packed away during class.
Many schools have a rule about enforcing the ban that says, “If we don’t see it, we don’t know about it.” That means teachers are OK with students bringing in cell phones, as long as they stay out of sight and inside bags and pockets.
But at the 88 city schools with metal detectors, die ban has been strictly enforced. The detectors were installed to keep weapon out of schools，but the scanners（扫描器）can also detect cell phones. So students at these schools must leave their phones at home or pay someone to store it for them.
The ban was put into place in 2007 under mayor Michael Bloomberg. Ending the ban will also likely end an industry that has sprung up near dozens of the schools that enforce the ban. Workers in vans（厢式货车）that resemble food tracks store teens’ cell phones and Other devices for a dollar a day,
Critics of the ban say cell phones are important safety devices for kids during an emergency. They also say that enforcement of the ban is uneven and discriminatory. Where the ban is enforced, it puts a disadvantage on students who can’t afford to pay to store their phones.
Before putting an official end to the cell-phone ban, city education officials are working on creating a new policy. It will include rules about not using the phones during class or to cheat on tests.
1. Which of the following is the main idea of the passage? 1
A. New York City will give financial aid to poor students.
B. New York City plans to restrict cell phone use in libraries.
C. New York City will soon end a ban on cell phones in schools.
2. Students pay 2 a day to leave their cell phones in a van parked near their school.
A. a dollar
B. two dollars
C. five dollars
3. Metal detectors were installed in 88 city schools, mainly to keep 3 out of schools.
A. cell phones
B. weapons
C. drugs
4. The word discriminatory in Paragraph 5 probably means 4 .
A. necessary
B. tough
C. unfair
5. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? 5
A. After the cell-phone ban is ended, students can use their phones during class.
B. The cell-phone ban is equally enforced in all public schools.
C. A phone-storage industry has appeared outside the 88 metal-detector campuses.
《人文英语4》单元自测7（10分）
一、选择填空，从A、B、C三个选项中选出一个能填入空白处的最佳选项。（每题10分）
1．— May I speak to Prof . Li please?
— _________________.
No, you can’t
There’s no Prof. Li
I’m afraid you’ve got the wrong number
2．— So sorry to trouble you.
— _________________.
It’s a pleasure
It’s your fault
I don’t think so
3．— What does your English teacher look like?
— _________________.
She likes singing
She looks sad
She looks much like her mother
4．— Here you are, Sir.
— _________________.
Yes, I’m here
Yes, here we are
Thank you very much
5．— Would you like a tea?
— _________________.
Yes, please
I like green tea
Yes, I prefer coffee
6．Two days is not enough for him to finish the work. He needs __________ day.
other
the other
a third
7．The red flower goes from one to __________ in the class.
the other
others
another
8．The computer system ___________suddenly while he was searching for information on the Internet.
broke down
broke out
broke up
9．There’s lots of fruit _________ the tree. Our little cat is also in the tree.
in
at
on
10．How can he _____________ if he is not _____________?
listen; hearing
hear; listening
be listening; heard
11．–Did the medicine make you feel better?
–No. The more __________, ___________ I feel.
medicine I take; and the worse
medicine I take; the worse
I take medicine; the worse
12．It is not until you have lost your health _____________ you know its value.
until
when
that
13．It’s high time that he settled down in the country and __________ a new life.
start
started
starting
14．The film brought the hours back to me _________ I was taken good care of in that remote village.
when
where
that
15．Have you ever visited the Summer Palace, _____ there are many beautiful halls, ridges and a huge lake?
which
that
where
二、阅读理解：选择题（每题10分）
16．选择题
Respondent: Binhai People’s Hospital
Address: No 7, Binhai Road, Binhai City
The following answer is given to Zhang Hua’s claim for personal-injury compensation by the Binhai People’s Hospital:
1. The respondent does not have a direct contractual relationship with Zhang Hua. Zhang Hua had an oral contract to remove the high-voltage meter cabinet with Binhai No. 2 Construction Installation Company on June 10, 2008. He was assigned by Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company and therefore has no direct contractual relationship with the respondent.
2. Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company should be responsible for compensating Zhang Hua for the following reasons. Firstly, according to PRC laws and relevant judicial interpretations, Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company shall be responsible for any injury employees suffered in the contract performance. Secondly, Zhang Hua seriously violated the operational procedure in removing the high-voltage meter cabinet and failed to pay due attention thereto.
3. The respondent shall not be responsible for compensating the injuries of Zhang Hua. According to the General Principles of the Civil Law, any person engaged in highly dangerous operations shall be responsible for compensation. In this case, the respondent entered into a contract with Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company, whereby the source of high danger shifted to Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company. Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company became the subject of the dangerous operation, and therefore any damages caused in the contract performance by Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company have no connection with the respondent.
Therefore, Binhai People’s Hospital is not liable for compensating Zhang Hua. We hereby request the court to reject the plaintiff’s action according to law.
To：
Binhai City Intermediate People’s Court
Respondent: Binhai People’s Court
Date: May 10th, 2011
1. According to the plaintiff, 1 should be responsible for compensating Zhang Hua.
A. Binhai People’s Hospital
B. Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company
C. Binhai City Intermediate People’s Court
2. Zhang Hua had an oral contract with 2 .
A. 2 Construction and Installation Companies
B. Binhai No. 2 Construction and Installation Company
C. Binhai City Intermediate People’s Court
3. The respondent stated 3 reasons to reject Zhang Hua’s claim.
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
4. Zhang Hua himself 4 bear some responsibilities.
A. should
B. shouldn’t
C. mustn’t
5. 5 was quoted by the respondent.
A. the PRC General Civil Law
B. the PRC Civil Procedural Law
C. General Principles of the Civil Law
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
17．正误判断题
To: Guangzhou People’s Court
Plaintiff: Handcup Marketing
Domicile: No. 33, 4th Road, New York
Legal Representative: Qingguo Su
Position: Manager of Handcup Marketing
Defendant: South China Corporation
Domicile: No. 21 South Binjiang Road, Guangzhou
Legal Representative: Bai Mei
Position: Manager of the South China Corporation
CLAIMS:
1. To order the Defendant to pay to the Plaintiff 18,000,000 RMB, including 15,000,000 RMB for the dispatched products and 3,000,000 RMB for the interest.
2. To order the Defendant to pay for the court fees.
FACTS AND REASONS：
The defendant is the plaintiff’s distributor in Southern China. From September 2010 to October 2011, the plaintiff issued all kinds of products worth 15,000,000 RMB to the defendant.（see Exhibit I）
Each of the said transactions was signed and received by the defendant (see Exhibit II). Although the plaintiff had repeatedly requested, the defendant failed to pay the debt on time.
The indebtedness arising out of the transactions between the plaintiff and the defendant shall be under the legal power of Chinese laws. The defendant refused to accept mediation. The plaintiff is now facing huge economic losses (see Exhibit III). Therefore, in accordance with relevant Chinese laws and regulations, the defendant should bear corresponding civil responsibility.
According to Articles 106 and 112 in the PRC General Civil Law, Article 108 in the PRC Civil Procedural Law and other related laws and regulations, the plaintiff hereby files this case with the court for your adjudication.
Plaintiff：Handcup Marketing
Date：May 14th, 2012
ATTACHMENTS：
1. One copy of the plaintiff’s business license；
2. One copy of the original Certificate of the Legal Representative；
3. One copy of the original Power of Attorney；
4. Exhibit I: Invoices for each transaction；
5. Exhibit II: Receipts for each transaction；
6. Exhibit III: List of losses.
Handcup Marketing is suing South China Corporation of not paying for the transactions. 1
2. Qingguo Su is a lawyer. 2
3. The plaintiff has got well prepared before filing the lawsuit. 3
4. The plaintiff didn’t know which laws and regulations should be applied in this case. 4
5. The defendant owed the plaintiff RMB 15,000,000 for the dispatched products. 5
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
18．选择题
Imagine a school that expected its students to become literate(有读写能力的) without any formal instruction. Most parents would be alarmed by such an approach, which would leave their children confused and with gaps in their understanding. This however has been the philosophy on character development in many of our schools. Why is the development of character seen as somehow different from the other skills that we teach?
Of course there will always be learning by osmosis(耳濡目染)in any school, but as a teacher and primary school head I have found that a child’s moral literacy is strengthened when they acquire the building blocks of good character such as consideration, courage and honor: qualities which are commonly known as virtue(美德).
I personally find that exploring a virtue over a two-week period provides a simple and effective program that allows for the creative input of both teacher and student and a chance for the virtue to embed(使融入)itself. Once a lesson on a virtue such as honesty has been completed we need to allow time for children to practice this concept just as would be the case with fractions or verbs. Allowing children to role play a situation such as making up excuses to cover a mistake can be enormously interesting, and the drama can be frozen allowing the characters to be questioned about their feelings and motives. It’s also a safe way for children to experience for themselves how a lie usually goes out of control.
Our role as educators is also to look for opportunities to help our students as they attempt to strengthen their characters. When something goes wrong we guide the young person to the virtue that will prevent it from happening again. For instance, when am student thoughtlessly disturbs the calm atmosphere of the library, instead of a response such as, “that was really disrespectful and selfish of you!” we draw out from them the required virtue: “When you’re walking through the library, what virtues do you need to use?”
1. Which of the following is the main idea of this passage? 1
A. Teaching morals and values has been a frequently discussed topic in the past few years.
B. The author and his staff embed virtues into lessons and school life to encourage character development in children.
C. Kids throughout the population face the same needs, the same challenges, and the same realities in their lives.
2. We can infer from the first paragraph that 2 .
A. there tends to be disagreement about what character education is
B. most parents are not satisfied with the teaching methods adopted in schools
C. the approach to character education is generally considered different from the approaches to other skills
3. The word “philosophy” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to 3 .
A. study
B. subject
C. viewpoint
4. The author is a 4 .
A. teacher
B. librarian
C. reporter
5. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a way to build character in children? 5
A. Story readings and discussions.
B. Osmosis.
C. Taking every opportunity to teach character.
《人文英语4》单元自测8（10分）
一、选择填空，从A、B、C三个选项中选出一个能填入空白处的最佳选项。（每题10分）
1．— How long will you be away from Italy?
— _________________.
Yes, I’ll be in Italy
About a month
Yes, it’s a long way to Italy
2．— How are you feeling now?
— _________________.
Much better
It’s OK
Thank you
3．— What time does the train leave?
— _________________.
On Tuesday
In the morning
At half past five
4．— What’s the weather like in this area?
— _________________.
Very well
It’s rainy
Yes, it’s fine
5．— Have you ever been to Tokyo?
— _________________.
No, I didn’t go there last year
No, but I hope to go there next year
Tokyo is a busy city
6．In _____________, the northerners have a particular liking for dumplings while the southerners are fond of rice.
common
total
general
7．This overcoat cost _______________. What’s more, they are ________small for me.
very much; very
too much; much too
much too; too much
8．_____________ no need _____________ the radio as I’m used to studying with it on.
It’s; to turn down
It’s; turning up
There’s; turning off
9．How much has the company ________________ this year?
brought in
brought down
brought out
10．The old houses are being pulled down to ______________ a new office block.
make room for
make use of
take the place of
11．It is no use _________to remember only grammar rules.
trying
try
to try
12．He studied hard at school when he was young, _________contributed a lot to his success.
which
therefore
what
13．He would be studying at the university now if he ________the entrance examination.
passed
have passed
had passed
14．By the year 2020, China’s population probably _________1.4 billion.
will be reaching
are reaching
will have reached
15．All students are required to translate this poem ________English into Chinese.
with
from
on
二、阅读理解：选择题（每题10分）
16．选择题
Alternative Legal Billing – Win Strategies
Hourly billing is the best way to be charged for legal services. About 95 percent of lawyers still perform their legal work on an hourly basis. If you want something better than the old “bill by the hour” deal, try presenting one of these billing structures.
Project billing for routine issues
If your legal needs include large but repetitive tasks, consider a flat-fee approach. Once you get a project billing estimate, don’t hesitate to shop around to compare prices and services with other law firms. A firm may provide a better deal if it expects future work from your company.
Results-oriented options
“Pay-according-to-success” is one choice. It considers fees based on the outcome of the case and the performance of your counsel. Contingency fees turn the matter into a shared risk or shared encouragement, making the law firm your business partner, not just representation.
Multi-layered tasks
If you’re shopping for a firm for actual legal work involving a number of legal specialties, consider using blended hourly fees. The firm calculates in advance an “average” rate based on the anticipated time each lawyer spends on the matter.
This arrangement helps the client to avoid paying a senior partner’s hourly rate for research that should be conducted by a junior associate.
Legal “Insurance”
The contract fee allows the client to pick up the phone and talk to the lawyer without needing to eye the clock. This approach works like a legal insurance policy. It encourages companies to contact their counsel on non-litigation, non-crisis matters, and to save money in the long run by engaging in more preventive legal action.
1. 1 is the best way to be charged for legal services.
A. Results-oriented billing
B. Hourly billing
C. Flat-fee billing
2. A flat-fee approach 2 .
A. is suitable for repetitive tasks
B. is useless
C. is the best choice.
3. 3 make the law firm share your risk and encouragement.
A. Contract fees
B. Blended hourly fees
C. Contingency fees
4. Legal work involving a number of legal specialties should consider using 4 .
A. blended hourly fees
B. insurance fees
C. hourly fees
5. You have to eye the clock when you talk to the lawyer when you choose 5 .
A. legal “Insurance”
B. the old “bill by the hour” deal
C. a flat-fee approach
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
17．正误判断题
NEW YORK – The five men facing trial in the Sept. 11 attacks will plead not guilty. They would state their criticisms of U.S. foreign policy, the lawyer for one of the defendants said Sunday.
Scott Fenstermaker, the lawyer for accused terrorist Ali Abd al-Aziz Ali, said the men would not deny their role in the 2001 attacks but “would explain what happened and why they did it.”
Ali and four other men are accused of killing nearly 3,000 people in the nation’s deadliest terrorist attack. The U.S. Justice Department announced earlier this month that they will face a civilian federal trial just blocks from the World Trade Center site.
Ali is also known as Ammar al-Baluchi. He is a nephew of claimed 9/11 planner, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed.
Mohammed, Ali and the others will explain “their assessment of American foreign policy,” Fenstermaker said.
“Their assessment is negative,” he said.
Fenstermaker met with Ali last week at the U.S. prison at Guantanamo Bay in Cuba. He has not spoken with the others. But he said the men have discussed the trial among themselves.
Fenstermaker was first quoted in The New York Times in Sunday’s editions.
Critics of Attorney General Eric Holder decided to try the men in a New York City civilian courthouse. It has warned that the trial would provide the defendants with a propaganda platform.
Dean Boyd, a spokesman for the Department of Justice, said Sunday that while the men may attempt to use the trial to express their views, “we believe the courts and the federal judge may govern the trial. The course of justice will be led appropriately and with minimal break, as federal courts have done in the past.”
1. The five men thought that the U.S. foreign policy should be blamed for the 911 attack. 1
2. Scott Fenstermaker is the lawyer for Ali Abd al-Aziz Ali and four other men. 2
3. Nearly 3,000 people were killed in the 911 attack. 3
4. The press didn’t care about this civilian federal trial. 4
5. We can infer from the article that the prisoners also have their freedom to express their own views in the U.S.A. 5
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
18．选择题
Is that 6 a.m. wokeout getting in the way of good sleep? Don’t think your fat cells won’t notice. A new study published in The Annals of Internal Medicine (a medical journal) finds that inadequate shut-eye has a harmful effect on fat cells, reducing their ability to respond to insulin (胰岛素) by about 30 percent. Over the long-term, this decreased response could set the stage for type-2 diabetes (a medical condition in which someone has too much sugar in his or her blood), fatty liver disease and weight gain.
The study adds to a growing body of evidence that there’ “an intimate relationship between the amount of sleep we get and our ability to maintain a good, healthy body weight,” says sleep expert Helene Emsellem, director of the Center for Sleep and Wake Disorders in Chevy Chase, Maryland. But Americans don’t seem to be getting the message that we need seven to nine hours par night. More than 1 in 5 of us, according to a report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, is getting six or fewer hours of sleep per night, on average.
So how did researchers study fat cells in the Annals paper? Matthew Brady of the University of Chicago and a group of colleagues selected and persuaded seven volunteers to take part in the research project. They were all young, thin and healthy and agreed to sleep for eight nights in a sleep lab. “For four nights they were allowed to stay in bed for 8.5 hours a night,” says Brady. Then, a month later, they came back for four additional nights——but this time they were allowed just 4.5 hours of sleep per night. And after each visit, researchers got a sample of their fat. Brady explains that the fat cells responded significantly to the loss of sleep. “I was very surprised to be honest,” he says.
Bad things can happen when fat cells become less responsive to insulin. “Fat cells are actually your friend,” he says. “They’re there to store lipids (血脂).” When lipids stay inside the cells, your body can utilize the fat when you’re exercising or sleeping or going about your day. “However, when fat cells stare to become insulin resistant, the lipids star to leach out of the fat cells and rise in the bloodstream,” Brady says.
1. According to the passage, lack of sleep for a long while can probably lead to all of the following EXCEPT 1 .
A. heart disease
B. weight gain
C. diabetes
2. The main idea of the third paragraph is 2 .
A. how to write a medical research paper
B. how to avoid sleep loss
C. how the research was conducted
3. What does the “leach” in the last paragraph probably mean? 3
A. Leap.
B. Lead.
C. Leak.
4. Which of the following is NOT TRUE according to the passage? 4
A. We will be in trouble if our fat cells become less responsive to insulin.
B. More and more studies are done to study the link between sleep and weight.
C. More than 20% of Americans are not getting enough sleep.
5. Which of the following is an appropriate title for this passage? 5
A. Poor Sleep May Lead to Too Much Stored Fat and Disease
B. Sleep Experts Had Exciting Findings in a Fat Study
C. Americans Should Have More Than Six Hours of Sleep
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